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From the figure, following two equations are derived:
b1= S11 *a1 + S12 *a2
b2= S21 * a1 + S22 *a2
S11 - Reflection coefficient at Port1
S22 - Reflection coefficient at Port2
S12 - Isolation (Reverse)
S21 - Insertion loss (passive device case)
Following are the measurements related to reflection and incident waves:
Input SWR, Return Loss, Input/output impedance, reflection coefficient, S parameters-S11,S22.
Following are the measurements related to transmission and incident waves:
Gain/Loss, Isolation, Insertion phase, Group delay, S parameters-S21, S12
These S parameters are defined in terms of incident and reflected travelling waves.
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